Home
Jump to Risk Factors
Jump to Industries
Jump to Exposures
Jump to Event Codes
Jump to Wiki Summary

Industries
Exposures
Military
Regime
Material Aid
Intelligence
Cooperate
Judicial
Event Codes
Solicit support
Yield position
Sports contest
Vote
Force
Demand
Psychological state
Warn
Yield to order
Comment
Endorse
Sanction
Rally support
Release or return
Wiki Wiki Summary
Cellular waste product Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP. One example of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.\nEach pathway generates different waste products.
Significant figures Significant figures (also known as the significant digits, precision or resolution) of a number in positional notation are digits in the number that are reliable and necessary to indicate the quantity of something.\nIf a number expressing the result of a measurement (e.g., length, pressure, volume, or mass) has more digits than the number of digits allowed by the measurement resolution, then only as many digits as allowed by the measurement resolution are reliable, and so only these can be significant figures.
Podophyllum Podophyllum is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Berberidaceae, described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753. In the past, several species were included in the genus, but all but one have been transferred to other genera (Dysosma and Sinopodophyllum).
Palm Islands The Palm Islands are three man made artificial islands, Palm Jumeirah, Deira Island and Palm Jebel Ali, on the coast of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The Palm Islands are a major tourist destination within Dubai.
Discovery Channel Discovery Channel (known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery) is an American cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav.
Effective interest rate The effective interest rate (EIR), effective annual interest rate, annual equivalent rate (AER) or simply effective rate is the interest rate on a loan or financial product restated from the nominal interest rate and expressed as the equivalent interest rate if compound interest was payable annually in arrears.\nIt is used to compare the interest rates between loans with different compounding periods, such as weekly, monthly, half-yearly or yearly.
List of generic and genericized trademarks The following three lists of generic and genericized trademarks are:\n\nmarks which were originally legally protected trademarks, but have been genericized and have lost their legal status due to becoming generic terms,\nmarks which have been abandoned and are now generic terms\nmarks which are still legally protected as trademarks, at least in some jurisdictions\n\n\n== List of former trademarks that have been genericized ==\nThe following partial list contains marks which were originally legally protected trademarks, but which have subsequently lost legal protection as trademarks by becoming the common name of the relevant product or service, as used both by the consuming public and commercial competitors. These marks were determined in court to have become generic.
List of places in England Here is a list of places, divided by ceremonial counties of England.
Leahy–Smith America Invents Act The Leahy–Smith America Invents Act (AIA) is a United States federal statute that was passed by Congress and was signed into law by President Barack Obama on September 16, 2011. The law represents the most significant legislative change to the U.S. patent system since the Patent Act of 1952 and closely resembles previously proposed legislation in the Senate in its previous session (Patent Reform Act of 2009).Named for its lead sponsors, Sen.
Triamcinolone Triamcinolone is a glucocorticoid used to treat certain skin diseases, allergies, and rheumatic disorders among others. It is also used to prevent worsening of asthma and COPD. It can be taken in various ways including by mouth, injection into a muscle, and inhalation.Common side effects with long-term use include osteoporosis, cataracts, thrush, and muscle weakness.
Life Insurance Corporation Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) is an Indian statutory insurance and investment corporation headquartered in the city of Mumbai, India. It is under the ownership of Government of India.
Interferon type I The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T-cell responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p21.3 cytoband over approximately 400 kb including coding genes for IFNα (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17 and IFNA21), IFNω (IFNW1), IFNɛ (IFNE), IFNк (IFNK) and IFNβ (IFNB1), plus 11 IFN pseudogenes.Interferons bind to interferon receptors.
Peginterferon alfa-2a Pegylated interferon alfa-2a, sold under the brand name Pegasys among others, is medication used to treat hepatitis C and hepatitis B. For hepatitis C it is typically used together with ribavirin and cure rates are between 24 and 92%. For hepatitis B it may be used alone.
Buyers club Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack, and directed by Jean-Marc Vallée. The film tells the story of Ron Woodroof (Matthew McConaughey), an AIDS patient diagnosed in the mid-1980s when HIV/AIDS treatments were under-researched, while the disease was not understood and highly stigmatized.
Agriculture in Bangladesh Agriculture is the largest employment sector in Bangladesh, making up 14.2 percent of Bangladesh's GDP in 2017 and employing about 42.7 percent of the workforce. The performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on major macroeconomic objectives like employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development, food security, and other economic and social forces.
Acute decompensated heart failure Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a sudden worsening of the signs and symptoms of heart failure, which typically includes difficulty breathing (dyspnea), leg or feet swelling, and fatigue. ADHF is a common and potentially serious cause of acute respiratory distress.
Collective Security Treaty Organization The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO; Russian: Организация Договора о коллективной безопасности, romanized: Organizatsiya Dogovora o kollektivnoy bezopasnosti; Russian: ОДКБ, romanized: ODKB) is an intergovernmental military alliance in Eurasia. The CSTO consists of select post-Soviet states.
Proprietary estoppel Proprietary estoppel is a legal claim, especially connected to English land law, which may arise in relation to rights to use the property of the owner, and may even be effective in connection with disputed transfers of ownership. Proprietary estoppel transfers rights if,\n\nsomeone is given a clear assurance that they will acquire a right over property,\nthey reasonably rely on the assurance, and,\nthey act substantially to their detriment on the strength of the assurance\nit would be unconscionable to go back on the assuranceIf these elements of assurance, reliance and detriment, and unconscionability are present, the usual remedy will be that the property will be transferred to the claimant, if the court views the reliance to warrant a claim in all the circumstances.
Negative affectivity Negative affectivity (NA), or negative affect, is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Negative affectivity subsumes a variety of negative emotions, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness.
Arbitrage Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way to resolve disputes outside the judiciary courts. The dispute will be decided by one or more persons (the 'arbitrators', 'arbiters' or 'arbitral tribunal'), which renders the 'arbitration award'.
Jazz Pharmaceuticals Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (a merger of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Azur Pharma plc) is a biopharmaceutical company based in Ireland.
Compulsory education Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government. This education may take place at a registered school or at other places.
North Sentinel Island North Sentinel Island is one of the Andaman Islands, an Indian archipelago in the Bay of Bengal which also includes South Sentinel Island. It is home to the Sentinelese, an indigenous people in voluntary isolation who have defended, often by force, their protected isolation from the outside world.
Constitution Party (United States) The Constitution Party, formerly the U.S. Taxpayers' Party until 1999, is a political party in the United States that promotes a religious conservative view of the principles and intents of the United States Constitution. The party platform is based on originalist interpretations of the Constitution and shaped by principles which it believes were set forth in the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Constitution and the Bible.
Sunbeam Products Sunbeam Products is an American brand that has produced electric home appliances since 1910. Its products have included the Mixmaster mixer, the Sunbeam CG waffle iron, Coffeemaster (1938–1964) and the fully automatic T20 toaster.
Relative risk The relative risk (RR) or risk ratio is the ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. Together with risk difference and odds ratio, relative risk measures the association between the exposure and the outcome.
Personal jurisdiction Personal jurisdiction is a court's jurisdiction over the parties, as determined by the facts in evidence, which bind the parties to a lawsuit, as opposed to subject-matter jurisdiction, which is jurisdiction over the law involved in the suit. Without personal jurisdiction over a party, a court’s rulings or decrees cannot be enforced upon that party, except by comity; i.e., to the extent that the sovereign which has jurisdiction over the party allows the court to enforce them upon that party.
UKG The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
List of Padma Shri award recipients (2000–2009) Padma Shri Award, India's fourth highest civilian honours – Winners, 2000 – 2009\n\n\n== Recipients ==\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2000 ===\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2001 ===\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2002 ===\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2003 ===\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2004 ===\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2005 ===\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2006 ===\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2007 ===\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2008 ===\n\n\n=== Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2009 ===\n\n\n== Explanatory notes ==\n\nNon-citizen recipients\nPosthumous recipients\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of Padma Shri award recipients (1954–1959)\nList of Padma Shri award recipients (1960–1969)\nList of Padma Shri award recipients (1970–1979)\nList of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–1989)\nList of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–1999)\nList of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–2019)\nList of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\n"Awards & Medals". Ministry of Home Affairs (India).
Tagetik Tagetik develops and sells cloud and on-premises corporate performance management software applications for use by corporate finance teams and their business users.\n\n\n== History ==\nTagetik has headquarters in Lucca, Italy and Stamford, Connecticut.
Marketing management Marketing management is the organizational discipline which focuses on the practical application of marketing orientation, techniques and methods inside enterprises and organizations and on the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities.\n\n\n== Structure ==\nMarketing management employs tools from economics and competitive strategy to analyze the industry context in which the firm operates.
Animal Animals (also called Metazoa) are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development.
Private-equity fund A private-equity fund is a collective investment scheme used for making investments in various equity (and to a lesser extent debt) securities according to one of the investment strategies associated with private equity.\nPrivate equity funds are typically limited partnerships with a fixed term of 10 years (often with annual extensions).
Disparate impact Disparate impact in United States labor law refers to practices in employment, housing, and other areas that adversely affect one group of people of a protected characteristic more than another, even though rules applied by employers or landlords are formally neutral. Although the protected classes vary by statute, most federal civil rights laws protect based on race, color, religion, national origin, and sex as protected traits, and some laws include disability status and other traits as well.
Risk Factors
SCHERING PLOUGH CORP Item 1A Risk Factors The Company’s future operating results and cash flows may differ materially from the results described in this 10-K due to risks and uncertainties related to the Company’s business, including those discussed below
In addition, these factors represent risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those implied by forward-looking statements contained in this report
Key Company products generate a significant amount of the Company’s profits and cash flows, and any events that adversely affect the market for its leading products could have a material and negative impact on results of operations and cash flows
The Company’s ability to generate profits and operating cash flow is dependent upon the increasing profitability of the Company’s cholesterol franchise, consisting of VYTORIN and ZETIA In addition, products such as CLARINEX, PEG-INTRON, REBETOL, REMICADE, TEMODAR, OTC CLARITIN and NASONEX accounted for a material portion of 2005 revenues
As a result of the Company’s dependence on key products, any events that adversely affect the markets for these products could have a significant impact on results of operations
These events include loss of patent protection, increased costs associated with manufacturing, OTC availability of the Company’s product or a competitive product, the discovery of previously unknown side effects, increased competition from the introduction of new, more effective treatments, and discontinuation or removal from the market of the product for any reason
10 _________________________________________________________________ [68]Table of Contents More specifically, the profitability of the Company’s cholesterol franchise may be adversely affected by the introduction of generic forms of two competing cholesterol products that will lose patent protection in 2006
In addition, generic Flonase (fluticasone propionate) was approved in 2006 and may unfavorably impact the corticosteroid nasal spray market
Past examples of events in recent years that have adversely affected the market for leading products include events that have affected the market for CLARINEX and PEG-INTRON and REBETOL, particularly in the US CLARINEX continues to experience intense competition in the prescription US allergy market after the launch of CLARITIN OTC and a competing OTC loratadine product in the US in December 2002 and the introduction of generic Allegra (fexofenadine) in the US in September 2005
In addition, as a result of the introduction of a competitor’s product for pegylated interferon and the introduction of generic ribavirin, the value of PEG-INTRON (pegylated interferon) and REBETOL (ribavirin) combination therapy for hepatitis has been severely diminished and earnings and cash flow have been materially and negatively impacted
There is a high risk that funds invested in research will not generate financial returns because the development of novel drugs requires significant expenditures with a low probability of success
There is a high rate of failure inherent in the research to develop new drugs to treat diseases
This risk profile is compounded by the fact that this research has a long investment cycle
To bring a pharmaceutical compound from the discovery phase to market may take a decade or more and failure can occur at any point in the process, including later in the process after significant funds have been invested
The Company’s success is dependent on the development and marketing of new products, and uncertainties in the regulatory and approval process may result in the failure of products to reach the market
Products that appear promising in development may fail to reach market for numerous reasons, including the following: • findings of ineffectiveness or harmful side effects in clinical or pre-clinical testing; • failure to receive the necessary regulatory approvals, including delays in the approval of new products and new indications; • lack of economic feasibility due to manufacturing costs or other factors; and • preclusion from commercialization by the proprietary rights of others
Intellectual property protection is an important contributor to the Company’s profitability and as patents covering the Company’s products expire or if they are found to be invalid, generic forms of the Company’s products may be introduced to the market, which may have a material and negative affect on results of operations
Intellectual property protection is critical to Schering-Plough’s ability to successfully commercialize its products
Upon the expiration or the successful challenge of the Company’s patents covering a product, competitors may introduce generic versions of such products, which may include the Company’s well- 11 _________________________________________________________________ [69]Table of Contents established products
Such generic competition could result in the loss of a significant portion of sales or downward pressures on the prices at which the Company offers formerly patented products, particularly in the US Patents and patent applications relating to Schering-Plough’s significant products are of material importance to Schering-Plough
Additionally, certain foreign governments have indicated that compulsory licenses to patents may be granted in the case of national emergencies, which could diminish or eliminate sales and profits from those regions and negatively affect the Company’s results of operations
Patent disputes can be costly to prosecute and defend and adverse judgments could result in damage awards, increased royalties and other similar payments and decreased sales
Patent positions can be highly uncertain and patent disputes in the pharmaceutical industry are not unusual
An adverse result in a patent dispute involving the Company’s patents may lead to a loss of market exclusivity and render the Company’s patents invalid
An adverse result in a patent dispute involving patents held by a third party may preclude the commercialization of the Company’s products, force the Company to obtain licenses in order to continue manufacturing or marketing the affected products, negatively affect sales of existing products or result in injunctive relief and payment of financial remedies
For example, the Company’s product, DR SCHOLL’S FREEZE AWAY wart removal product, is currently the subject of a patent infringement action brought by a third party company, and an adverse outcome in this action may result in the Company’s inability to continue manufacturing the product
Even if the Company is ultimately successful in a particular dispute, the Company may incur substantial costs in defending its patents and other intellectual property rights
For example, a generic manufacturer may file an Abbreviated New Drug Application seeking approval after the expiration of the applicable data exclusivity and alleging that one or more of the patents listed in the innovator’s New Drug Application are invalid or not infringed
This allegation is commonly known as a Paragraph IV certification
The innovator then has the ability to file suit against the generic manufacturer to enforce its patents
In recent years, generic manufacturers have used Paragraph IV certifications extensively to challenge patents on a wide array of innovative pharmaceuticals, and it is anticipated that this trend will continue
The potential for litigation regarding Schering-Plough’s intellectual property rights always exists and may be initiated by third parties attempting to abridge Schering-Plough’s rights, as well as by Schering-Plough in protecting its rights
US and foreign regulations, including those establishing the Company’s ability to price products, may negatively affect the Company’s sales and profit margins
The Company faces increased pricing pressure in the US and abroad from managed care organizations, institutions and government agencies and programs that could negatively affect the Company’s sales and profit margins
For example, the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 contains a prescription drug benefit for individuals who are eligible for Medicare
The prescription drug benefit became effective on January 1, 2006, and it is anticipated that it may result in increased purchasing power of those negotiating on behalf of Medicare recipients
In addition to legislation concerning price controls, other trends that could affect the Company’s business include legislative or regulatory action relating to pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement, health care reform initiatives and drug importation legislation, involuntary approval of medicines for OTC use, consolidation among customers, and trends toward managed care and health care costs containment
As a result of the US government’s efforts to reduce Medicaid expenses, managed care organizations continue to grow in influence and the Company faces increased pricing pressure as managed care organizations continue to seek price discounts with respect to the Company’s products
In the international markets, cost control methods including restrictions on physician prescription levels and patient reimbursements, emphasis on greater use of generic drugs, and across the board price cuts may decrease revenues internationally
12 _________________________________________________________________ [70]Table of Contents There are material pending investigations against the Company, the outcome of which could include the commencement of civil and/or criminal proceedings involving the imposition of substantial fines, penalties and injunctive or administrative remedies, including exclusion from government reimbursement programs
The Company cannot predict with certainty the outcome of the pending investigations to which it is subject, any of which may lead to a judgment or settlement involving a significant monetary award or restrictions on its operations
The pricing, sales and marketing programs and arrangements, and related business practices of the Company and other participants in the health care industry are under increasing scrutiny from federal and state regulatory, investigative, prosecutorial and administrative entities
These entities include the Department of Justice and its US Attorney’s Offices, the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, the FDA, the Federal Trade Commission and various state Attorneys General offices
Many of the health care laws under which certain of these governmental entities operate, including the federal and state anti-kickback statutes and statutory and common law false claims laws, have been construed broadly by the courts and permit the government entities to exercise significant discretion
In the event that any of those governmental entities believes that wrongdoing has occurred, one or more of them could institute civil or criminal proceedings, which, if instituted and resolved unfavorably, could subject the Company to substantial fines, penalties and injunctive or administrative remedies, including exclusion from government reimbursement programs
The Company also cannot predict whether any investigations will affect its marketing practices or sales
Any such result could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, or its business
Regardless of the merits or outcomes of these investigations, government investigations are costly, divert management’s attention from the Company’s business and may result in substantial damage to the Company’s