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Wiki	Wiki Summary
Arithmetic	Arithmetic (from Ancient Greek ἀριθμός (arithmós) 'number', and τική [τέχνη] (tikḗ [tékhnē]) 'art, craft') is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots. In the 19th century, Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano formalized arithmetic with his Peano axioms, which are highly important to the field of mathematical logic today.
Operation Mincemeat	Operation Mincemeat was a successful British deception operation of the Second World War to disguise the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily. Two members of British intelligence obtained the body of Glyndwr Michael, a tramp who died from eating rat poison, dressed him as an officer of the Royal Marines and placed personal items on him identifying him as the fictitious Captain (Acting Major) William Martin.
Bitwise operation	In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor.
Operations management	Operations management is an area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed and effective in meeting customer requirements.
Emergency operations center	An emergency operations center (EOC) is a central command and control facility responsible for carrying out the principles of emergency preparedness and emergency management, or disaster management functions at a strategic level during an emergency, and ensuring the continuity of operation of a company, political subdivision or other organization.\nAn EOC is responsible for strategic direction and operational decisions and does not normally directly control field assets, instead leaving tactical decisions to lower commands.
Operations research	Operations research (British English: operational research), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of advanced analytical methods to improve decision-making. It is sometimes considered to be a subfield of mathematical sciences.
Operation (mathematics)	In mathematics, an operation is a function which takes zero or more input values (called operands) to a well-defined output value. The number of operands (also known as arguments) is the arity of the operation.
Regulation	Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context.
Regulation A	In the United States under the Securities Act of 1933, any offer to sell securities must either be registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or meet certain qualifications to exempt it from such registration. Regulation A (or Reg A) contains rules providing exemptions from the registration requirements, allowing some companies to use equity crowdfunding to offer and sell their securities without having to register the securities with the SEC. Regulation A offerings are intended to make access to capital possible for small and medium-sized companies that could not otherwise bear the costs of a normal SEC registration and to allow nonaccredited investors to participate in the offering.
Regulation of therapeutic goods	The regulation of therapeutic goods, defined as drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the United States, they are regulated at the national level by a single agency.
Formula One regulations	The numerous Formula One regulations, made and enforced by the FIA and later the FISA, have changed dramatically since the first Formula One World Championship in 1950. This article covers the current state of F1 technical and sporting regulations, as well as the history of the technical regulations since 1950.
Radio regulation	Radio regulation refers to the regulation and licensing of radio in international law, by individual governments, and by municipalities.\n\n\n== International regulation ==\nThe International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies.
New York Codes, Rules and Regulations	The New York Codes, Rules and Regulations (NYCRR) contains New York state rules and regulations. The NYCRR is officially compiled by the New York State Department of State's Division of Administrative Rules.
Investment	Investment is the dedication of an asset to attain an increase in value over a period of time. Investment requires a sacrifice of some present asset, such as time, money, or effort.
Foreign direct investment	A foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country. It is thus distinguished from a foreign portfolio investment by a notion of direct control.
Investment fund	An investment fund is a way of investing money alongside other investors in order to benefit from the inherent advantages of working as part of a group such as reducing the risks of the investment by a significant percentage. These advantages include an ability to:\n\nhire professional investment managers, who may offer better returns and more adequate risk management;\nbenefit from economies of scale, i.e., lower transaction costs;\nincrease the asset diversification to reduce some unsystematic risk.It remains unclear whether professional active investment managers can reliably enhance risk adjusted returns by an amount that exceeds fees and expenses of investment management.
Finance	Finance is the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets. It is related with, but not synonymous with economics, the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services.
Exploration	Exploration is the act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources, especially in the context of geography or space, rather than research and development that is usually not centred on earth sciences or astronomy. Exploration occurs in all non-sessile animal species, including humans.
SpaceX	Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime.
Hydrocarbon exploration	Hydrocarbon exploration (or oil and gas exploration) is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for deposits of hydrocarbons, particularly petroleum and natural gas, in the Earth using petroleum geology.\n\n\n== Exploration methods ==\nVisible surface features such as oil seeps, natural gas seeps, pockmarks (underwater craters caused by escaping gas) provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation (be it shallow or deep in the Earth).
Urban exploration	Urban exploration (often shortened as UE, urbex and sometimes known as roof-and-tunnel hacking) is the exploration of manmade structures, usually abandoned ruins or hidden components of the manmade environment. Photography and historical interest/documentation are heavily featured in the hobby and it sometimes involves trespassing onto private property.
Data exploration	Data exploration is an approach similar to initial data analysis, whereby a data analyst uses visual exploration to understand what is in a dataset and the characteristics of the data, rather than through traditional data management systems. These characteristics can include size or amount of data, completeness of the data, correctness of the data, possible relationships amongst data elements or files/tables in the data.
Age of Discovery	The Age of Discovery (or the Age of Exploration), as known as the early modern period, was a period largely overlapping with the Age of Sail, approximately from the 15th century to the 17th century in European history, in which seafaring Europeans explored regions across the globe.\nThe extensive overseas exploration, with the Portuguese and the Spanish at the forefront, later joined by the Dutch, the English and the French, emerged as a powerful factor in European culture, most notably the European encounter and colonization of the Americas.
Exploration of Mercury	The exploration of Mercury has a minor role in the space interests of the world. It is the least explored inner planet.
Proven reserves	Proven reserves (also called measured reserves, 1P, and reserves) is a measure of fossil fuel energy reserves, such as oil reserves, natural gas reserves, and coal reserves. It is defined as the "[q]uantity of energy sources estimated with reasonable certainty, from the analysis of geologic and engineering data, to be recoverable from well established or known reservoirs with the existing equipment and under the existing operating conditions." A reserve is considered proven if it is probable that at least 90% of the resource is recoverable by economically profitable means.
Public company	A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public limited company is a company whose ownership is organized via shares of stock which are intended to be freely traded on a stock exchange or in over-the-counter markets. A public (publicly traded) company can be listed on a stock exchange (listed company), which facilitates the trade of shares, or not (unlisted public company).
Capital expenditure	Capital expenditure or capital expense (capex or CAPEX) is the money an organization or corporate entity spends to buy, maintain, or improve its fixed assets, such as buildings, vehicles, equipment, or land. It is considered a capital expenditure when the asset is newly purchased or when money is used towards extending the useful life of an existing asset, such as repairing the roof.Capital expenditures contrast with operating expenses (opex), which are ongoing expenses that are inherent to the operation of the asset.
Biophysical environment	A biophysical environment is a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development, and evolution. A biophysical environment can vary in scale from microscopic to global in extent.
Environmentalism	Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the impact of changes to the environment on humans, animals, plants and non-living matter. While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of green ideology and politics, ecologism combines the ideology of social ecology and environmentalism.
Environmental protection	Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment by individuals, organizations and governments. Its objectives are to conserve natural resources and the existing natural environment and, where possible, to repair damage and reverse trends.Due to the pressures of overconsumption, population growth and technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently.
Environmental disaster	An environmental disaster or ecological disaster is defined as a catastrophic event regarding the natural environment that is due to human activity. This point distinguishes environmental disasters from other disturbances such as natural disasters and intentional acts of war such as nuclear bombings.

Risk Factors
Risk Factors In addition to the risks identified in Managementapstas Discussion and Analysis included in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, investors should consider carefully the following risks: Volatile product prices and markets could adversely affect results of operations and cash flows of the company
The companyapstas results of operations and cash flows are highly dependent upon the prices of and demand for oil and gas
Historically, the markets for oil and gas have been volatile and are likely to continue to be volatile in the future, and the prices received by the company for its oil and gas production are dependent upon numerous factors that are beyond its control
These factors include, but are not limited to: · Worldwide supply and consumer product demand · Governmental regulations and taxes · The price and availability of alternative fuels · The level of imports and exports of oil and gas · Actions of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries · The political and economic uncertainty of foreign governments · International conflicts and civil disturbances · The overall economic environment The company uses commodity derivative instruments as a means of balancing price uncertainty and volatility with the companyapstas financial and investment requirements
Nevertheless, a sustained period of sharply lower commodity prices could have material adverse effects on the company, including: · Curtailment or deferral of exploration and development projects · Reduction in the level of economically viable proved reserves · Reduction of the discounted future net cash flows relating to the companyapstas proved oil and gas reserves · Reduced ability of the company to maintain or grow its future production through future investment in exploration, exploitation and acquisition activities · Reduced ability of the company to access capital _________________________________________________________________ The commodity derivative instruments also may prevent the company from realizing the benefit of price increases above the levels reflected in such contracts
In addition, the commodity derivative instruments may expose the company to the risk of financial loss in certain circumstances, including, but not limited to, instances in which: · Production is less than the volumes covered by the derivative instruments · Basis differentials widen substantially from the prices established by these arrangements · The counter-parties to commodity price and basis differential risk management contracts fail to perform as required by the contracts The companyapstas debt may limit its financial flexibility
The company uses both short- and long-term debt to finance its operations
The level of the companyapstas debt could affect the company in important ways, including: · A portion of the companyapstas cash flow from operations may be applied to the payment of principal and interest and may not be available for other purposes
· Ratings of the companyapstas debt and other obligations vary from time to time and impact the cost, terms, conditions and availability of financing
· Covenants associated with debt arrangements require the company to meet financial and other tests that may affect its flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in its business, including possible acquisition, exploration and development opportunities
· The companyapstas ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, general corporate and other purposes may be limited
· The company may be at a competitive disadvantage to similar companies that have less debt
Failure to fund continued capital expenditures and to replace oil and gas reserves could adversely affect results of operations of the company
The future success of the companyapstas oil and gas business depends upon its ability to find, develop or acquire additional oil and gas reserves that are economically recoverable
The company will be required to expend capital to replace its reserves and to maintain or increase production levels
The company believes that, after considering the amount of its debt, it will have sufficient cash flow from operations, available drawings under its credit facilities and other debt financings to fund capital expenditures
However, if these sources are not sufficient to enable the company to fund necessary capital expenditures, its ability to find and develop oil and gas reserves may be adversely affected and its interests in some of its oil and gas properties may be reduced or forfeited
Further, if oil and gas prices increase, finding costs for additional reserves could also increase, making it more difficult to replace reserves on an economic basis
Oil and gas exploration, development and production operations involve substantial capital costs and are subject to various economic risks
The companyapstas oil and gas operations are subject to the economic risks typically associated with exploration, development and production activities
In conducting exploration activities, unanticipated pressure or irregularities in formations, miscalculations or accidents may cause exploration activities to be unsuccessful, and even where oil and gas are discovered it may not be possible to produce or market the hydrocarbons on an economically viable basis
Drilling operations may be curtailed, delayed or canceled as a result of numerous factors, many of which may be beyond the companyapstas control, including unexpected drilling conditions, weather conditions, compliance with environmental and other governmental requirements and shortages or delays in the delivery of equipment and services
The occurrence of any of these or similar events could result in a partial or total loss of investment in a particular property
The company operates in foreign countries and is subject to political, economic and other uncertainties
The company conducts operations in foreign countries and may expand its foreign operations in the future
Operations in foreign countries are subject to political, economic and other uncertainties, including, but not limited to: _________________________________________________________________ · The risk of war, acts of terrorism, revolution, border disputes, expropriation, renegotiation or modification of existing contracts, import, export and transportation regulations and tariffs · Taxation policies, including royalty and tax increases and retroactive tax claims · Exchange controls, currency fluctuations and other uncertainties arising out of foreign government sovereignty over the companyapstas international operations · Exposure to movements in foreign currency exchange rates, because the US dollar is the functional currency for the companyapstas international operations, except for the companyapstas European chemical operations, for which the euro is the functional currency · Laws and policies of the United States affecting foreign trade, taxation and investment · The possibility of being subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of foreign courts in connection with legal disputes and the possible inability to subject foreign persons to the jurisdiction of courts in the United States Foreign countries occasionally have asserted rights to land, including oil and gas properties, through border disputes
If a country claims superior rights to oil and gas leases or concessions granted to the company by another country, the companyapstas interests could be lost or could decrease in value
Various regions of the world have a history of political and economic instability
This instability could result in new governments or the adoption of new policies that might assume a substantially more hostile attitude toward foreign investment
In an extreme case, such a change could result in termination of contract rights and expropriation of foreign-owned assets
The company seeks to manage these risks by, among other things, focusing much of its international exploration efforts in areas where it believes the existing government is stable and favorably disposed towards United States exploration and production companies
Competition is intense, and companies with greater financial, technological and other resources may be better able to compete
The oil and gas exploration and production business is highly competitive
In addition to competing with other independent oil and gas producers (ie, companies not engaged in petroleum refining and marketing operations), the company competes with large, integrated, multinational oil and gas companies
These companies may have greater resources, which may give them various advantages when responding to market conditions
Insurance may not be adequate to completely protect the company against these risks
The companyapstas operations are subject to hazards and risks inherent in drilling for, producing and transporting oil and gas, including, but not limited to: fires; natural disasters; explosions; formations with abnormal pressures; marine risks such as currents, capsizing, collisions and hurricanes; adverse weather conditions; casing collapses, separations or other failures, including cement failure; uncontrollable flows of underground gas, oil and formation water; surface cratering; and environmental hazards such as gas leaks, chemical leaks, oil spills and discharges of toxic gases
Any of these risks can cause substantial losses, including: injury or loss of life; damage to and destruction of property, natural resources and equipment; pollution and other environmental damage; regulatory investigations and penalties; suspension of operations; and repair and remediation costs
To help protect against these and other risks, the company maintains insurance coverage against some, but not all, potential losses
Losses could occur for uninsurable or uninsured risks, or in amounts in excess of existing insurance coverage
The occurrence of an event that is not fully covered by insurance could harm the companyapstas financial condition and results of operations
The companyapstas estimates of proved oil and gas reserves are based on internal reserve data prepared by the companyapstas engineers
Petroleum reserve estimation is a subjective process of estimating underground accumulations of oil and gas that cannot be measured in a direct or exact manner
Estimates of economically recoverable oil and gas reserves and of future net cash flows necessarily depend on a number of variable factors and assumptions, including: · Historical production trends from a particular area are representative of future performance · Data gathered for purposes of reserve estimation, such as well logs and cores, are representative of average reservoir properties · Assumed effects of regulation by governmental agencies · Assumptions concerning future oil and gas prices, future development, operating and abandonment costs and capital expenditures · Estimates of future severance and excise taxes and workover and remedial costs Estimates of reserves prepared or audited by different engineers using the same data, or by the same engineers at different times, may vary substantially
Actual production, revenues and expenditures with respect to the companyapstas reserves will likely vary from estimates, and the variance may be material
The company mitigates the risks inherent to reserve estimation through a comprehensive reserve administration process
The reserve administration process includes review by independent reserve engineers, Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc
The company is subject to complex laws and regulations, including environmental and safety regulations, that can adversely affect the cost, manner, or feasibility of doing business
The companyapstas operations and facilities are subject to certain federal, state, tribal and local laws and regulations relating to the exploration for, and the development, production and transportation of, oil and gas, and the production of chemicals, as well as environmental and safety matters
These laws and regulations include, among other things, land use restrictions; drilling bonds, performance bonds and other financial responsibility requirements; spacing of wells; unitization and pooling of properties; habitat and endangered species protection, reclamation and remediation, and other environmental protection; protection and preservation of historic, archaeological and cultural resources; safety precautions; regulations governing the operation of chemical manufacturing facilities; regulation of discharges, emissions, disposal and waste-related permits; operational reporting; and taxation
In addition, the continuing development of housing and other surface uses in or near the company’s onshore operations, and associated zoning and similar regulations, may affect the company’s ability to explore for, produce and transport oil and gas
Future laws or regulations, any adverse change in the interpretation of existing laws and regulations, inability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals, or a failure to comply with existing legal requirements may harm the companyapstas business, results of operations and financial condition
The company may be required to make large and unanticipated capital expenditures to comply with environmental and other governmental regulations
Under these laws and regulations, the company could be liable for personal injuries; property and natural resource damages; oil spills and releases or discharges of hazardous materials; well reclamation costs; remediation and cleanup costs and other governmental sanctions, such as fines and penalties; and other environmental damages
The companyapstas operations could be significantly delayed or curtailed and its costs of operations could significantly increase beyond those anticipated as a result of regulatory requirements or restrictions
We are not able to predict the ultimate cost of compliance with these requirements or their effect on our operations
Costs of environmental liabilities and regulation could exceed estimates
The company and its affiliates are parties to a number of legal and administrative proceedings involving environmental and/or other matters pending in various courts or agencies
These include proceedings associated with facilities currently or previously owned, operated or used by the companyapstas affiliates and/or their predecessors, and include claims for personal injuries, property damages, injury to the environment, including natural resource damages, and noncompliance with permits
The current and former operations of the companyapstas affiliates also involve management of regulated materials that are subject to various environmental laws and regulations
These laws and regulations obligate the companyapstas affiliates to clean up various sites at which petroleum and other hydrocarbons, chemicals, low-level radioactive substances and/or other materials have been disposed of or released
_________________________________________________________________ The company provides for costs related to environmental matters when a loss is probable and the amount is reasonably estimable
It is not possible for the company to reliably estimate the amount and timing of all future expenditures related to environmental matters for the reasons described above under -Government Regulations and Environmental Matters
Although management currently believes that it has established appropriate reserves for cleanup costs, costs may be higher than anticipated and the company could be required to record additional reserves in the future
The companyapstas oil and gas marketing activities may expose it to claims from royalty owners
In addition to marketing its oil and gas production, the companyapstas marketing activities generally include marketing oil and gas production for royalty owners
Over the past several years, royalty owners have commenced litigation against a number of companies in the oil and gas production business claiming that amounts paid for production attributable to the royalty owners &apos interest violated the terms of the applicable leases and laws in various respects, including the value of production sold, permissibility of deductions taken and accuracy of quantities measured
The company could be required to make payments as a result of such litigation, and the companyapstas costs relating to the marketing of oil and gas and payment of royalties may increase as new cases are decided and the law in this area continues to develop
A number of lawsuits and claims are pending against the company and its affiliates, some of which seek large amounts of damages
Although management currently believes that none of the lawsuits or claims will have a material adverse effect on the companyapstas financial condition or liquidity, litigation is inherently uncertain, and the lawsuits and claims could have an unexpected material adverse effect on the company in future periods