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Wiki	Wiki Summary
Kink instability	A kink instability (also kink oscillation or kink mode), is a current-driven plasma instability characterized by transverse displacements of a plasma column's cross-section from its center of mass without any change in the characteristics of the plasma. It typically develops in a thin plasma column carrying a strong axial current which exceeds the Kruskal–Shafranov limit and is sometimes known as the Kruskal–Shafranov (kink) instability.The kink instability was first widely explored in fusion power machines with Z-pinch configurations in the 1950s.
Continuative aspect	The continuative aspect (abbreviated CONT or CNT) is a grammatical aspect representing actions that are 'still' happening. English does not mark the continuative explicitly but instead uses an adverb such as still.
Refinancing	Refinancing is the replacement of an existing debt obligation with another debt obligation under a different term and interest rate. The terms and conditions of refinancing may vary widely by country, province, or state, based on several economic factors such as inherent risk, projected risk, political stability of a nation, currency stability, banking regulations, borrower's credit worthiness, and credit rating of a nation.
Glomerulonephritis	Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a term used to refer to several kidney diseases (usually affecting both kidneys). Many of the diseases are characterised by inflammation either of the glomeruli or of the small blood vessels in the kidneys, hence the name, but not all diseases necessarily have an inflammatory component.
Sentience	Sentience is the capacity to experience feelings and sensations. The word was first coined by philosophers in the 1630s for the concept of an ability to feel, derived from Latin sentientem (a feeling), to distinguish it from the ability to think (reason).
Repurchase agreement	A repurchase agreement, also known as a repo, RP, or sale and repurchase agreement, is a form of short-term borrowing, mainly in government securities. The dealer sells the underlying security to investors and, by agreement between the two parties, buys them back shortly afterwards, usually the following day, at a slightly higher price.
Lazy evaluation	In programming language theory, lazy evaluation, or call-by-need, is an evaluation strategy which delays the evaluation of an expression until its value is needed (non-strict evaluation) and which also avoids repeated evaluations (sharing).The benefits of lazy evaluation include: \n\nThe ability to define control flow (structures) as abstractions instead of primitives.\nThe ability to define potentially infinite data structures.
Financial risk	Financial risk is any of various types of risk associated with financing, including financial transactions that include company loans in risk of default. Often it is understood to include only downside risk, meaning the potential for financial loss and uncertainty about its extent.A science has evolved around managing market and financial risk under the general title of modern portfolio theory initiated by Dr.
Risk assessment	Broadly speaking, a risk assessment is the combined effort of:\n\nidentifying and analyzing potential (future) events that may negatively impact individuals, assets, and/or the environment (i.e. hazard analysis); and\nmaking judgments "on the tolerability of the risk on the basis of a risk analysis" while considering influencing factors (i.e.
Underwriting profit	Underwriting profit is a term used in the insurance industry. It consists of the earned premium remaining after losses have been paid and administrative expenses have been deducted.
Total loss	In insurance claims, a total loss or write-off is a situation where the lost value, repair cost or salvage cost of a damaged property exceeds its insured value, and simply replacing the old property with a new equivalent is more cost-effective.Such a loss may be an "actual total loss" or a "constructive total loss". Constructive total loss considers further incidental expenses beyond repair, such as force majeure.
Fiscal year	A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is used in government accounting, which varies between countries, and for budget purposes. It is also used for financial reporting by businesses and other organizations.
Soreption	Soreption is a technical death metal band from Sundsvall, Västernorrlands län, Sweden. Formed in 2005, they are best known for their fast melodies and sharp,\ngroovy riffs.
Economic collapse	Economic collapse (also called Economic meltdown) is any of a broad range of bad economic conditions, ranging from a severe, prolonged depression with high bankruptcy rates and high unemployment (such as the Great Depression of the 1930s), to a breakdown in normal commerce caused by hyperinflation (such as in Weimar Germany in the 1920s), or even an economically caused sharp rise in the death rate and perhaps even a decline in population (such as in countries of the former USSR in the 1990s).Often economic collapse is accompanied by social chaos, civil unrest and a breakdown of law and order.\n\n\n== Cases ==\nThere are few well documented cases of economic collapse.
Consequences of Nazism	Nazism and the acts of Nazi Germany affected many countries, communities, and people before, during and after World War II. Nazi Germany's attempt to exterminate several groups viewed as subhuman by Nazi ideology was eventually stopped by the combined efforts of the wartime Allies headed by Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.\n\n\n== Jewish people ==\n\nOf the world's 18 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust.
Farmers' market	A farmers' market (or farmers market according to the AP stylebook, also farmer's market in the Cambridge Dictionary) is a physical retail marketplace intended to sell foods directly by farmers to consumers. Farmers' markets may be indoors or outdoors and typically consist of booths, tables or stands where farmers sell their produce, live animals and plants, and sometimes prepared foods and beverages.
Strategic thinking	Strategic thinking is a mental or thinking process applied by an individual in the context of achieving a goal or set of goals. As a cognitive activity, it produces thought.
Global environmental analysis	The analysis of the global environment of a company is called global environmental analysis. This analysis is part of a company's analysis-system, which also comprises various other analyses, like the industry analysis, the market analysis and the analyses of companies, clients and competitors.
Projections of population growth	Population projections are attempts to show how the human population statistics might change in the future. These projections are an important input to forecasts of the population's impact on this planet and humanity's future well-being.
Environmental impact of recreational diving	The environmental impact of recreational diving is the effects of recreational scuba diving on the underwater environment, which is largely the effects of diving tourism on the marine environment. It is not uncommon for highly trafficked dive destinations to have more adverse effects with visible signs of diving's negative impacts due in large part to divers who have not been trained to sufficient competence in the skills required for the local environment, an inadequate pre-dive orientation, or lack of a basic understanding of biodiversity and the delicate balance of aquatic ecosystems.
Marketing strategy	Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.Strategic planning involves an analysis of the company's strategic initial situation prior to the formulation, evaluation and selection of market-oriented competitive position that contributes to the company's goals and marketing objectives.Strategic marketing, as a distinct field of study emerged in the 1970s and 80s, and built on strategic management that preceded it. Marketing strategy highlights the role of marketing as a link between the organization and its customers.
Magnetite	Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that are mediated by a magnetic field, which refers to the capacity to induce attractive and repulsive phenomenon in other entities. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic moments.
Infrastructure as a service	Introduced in 2012 by Oracle, Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing service model by means of which computing resources are hosted in a public, private, or hybrid cloud. It provides you with high-level APIs used to dereference various low-level details of underlying network infrastructure like backup, data partitioning, scaling, security, physical computing resources, etc.
Key employee	Key employee, in U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) terminology, is an employee classification used when determining if company-sponsored qualified retirement plans, including 401(a) defined benefit plans and 401(k)s, are considered "top-heavy" or, in other words, weighted towards the company's more highly compensated individuals.A key employee is defined by the IRS as an employee, either living or dead, who meets one of the following three criteria:\n\nAn officer making over $175,000 in 2018 or $180,000 in 2019 (the income threshold is indexed by the IRS and may increase each year);\nA 5% owner of the business (defined as one who either owns more than 5% of the business, or is credited with more than 5% ownership of the business through Family-Attribution Rules), or\nAn employee owning more than 1% of the business and making over $150,000 for the plan year.All other employees are referred to as non-key employees.There are some similarities between key employees and so-called highly compensated employees (HCE), but the compensation salary threshold is lower for HCEs, at only $120,000 versus $150,000 for key employees.
'Twas Ever Thus	'Twas Ever Thus is a 1915 American drama silent film directed by Hobart Bosworth, written by Elsie Janis, and starring Elsie Janis, Hobart Bosworth, Owen Moore, Myrtle Stedman, Harry Ham, and Helen Wolcott. It was released on September 23, 1915, by Paramount Pictures.
Administrative centre	An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.\nIn countries with French as one of their administrative languages (such as Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland or many African countries) and in some other countries (such as Italy, compare cognate capoluogo), a chef-lieu (French pronunciation: ​[ʃɛfljø], plural form chefs-lieux, literally 'chief place' or 'head place'), is a town or city that is pre-eminent from an administrative perspective.
Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens	Visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Lebanon are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other sovereign countries and territories placed on citizens of the Republic of Lebanon.\nAs of 2022 citizens of the Republic of Lebanon had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 41 and territories, ranking the Lebanese passport 103th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.Citizens of the Republic of Lebanon do not need a passport when travelling to Jordan and Syria.
By-law	Law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice.
Vehicle regulation	Vehicle regulations are requirements that automobiles must satisfy in order to be approved for sale or use in a particular country or region. They are usually mandated by legislation, and administered by a government body.
Financial law	Financial law is the law and regulation of the insurance, derivatives, commercial banking, capital markets and investment management sectors. Understanding Financial law is crucial to appreciating the creation and formation of banking and financial regulation, as well as the legal framework for finance generally.
List of unsolved problems in economics	This is a list of some of the major unsolved problems, puzzles, or questions in economics. Some of these are theoretical in origin and some of them concern the inability of orthodox economic theory to explain an empirical observation.
Bitwise operation	In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor.
Sandeep Unnikrishnan	Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, AC (15 March 1977 – 28 November 2008) was an Indian Army officer, who was serving in the elite 51 Special Action Group of the National Security Guards on deputation. He was killed in action during the November 2008 Mumbai attacks.
Object (philosophy)	An object is a philosophical term often used in contrast to the term subject. A subject is an observer and an object is a thing observed.
C++	C++ () is a general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language, or "C with Classes". The language has expanded significantly over time, and modern C++ now has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation.

Risk Factors
FIRST PLACE FINANCIAL CORP /DE/ Item 1A Risk Factors The Company’s business is subject to interest rate risk and variations in market interest rates may negatively affect its financial performance The Company is unable to accurately predict future market interest rates, which are affected by many factors, including: inflation; recession; changes in employment levels; changes in the money supply; and domestic and international disorder and instability in domestic and foreign financial markets
Changes in the interest rate environment may reduce the Company’s profits
The Company expects that it will continue to realize income from the differential or “spread” between the interest earned on loans, securities and other interest-earning assets, and interest paid on deposits, borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities
Net interest spreads are affected by the difference between the maturities and repricing characteristics of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities
In addition, residential mortgage loan volumes are affected by market interest rates on loans; rising interest rates generally are associated with a lower volume of loan originations while falling interest rates are usually associated with higher loan originations
Conversely, in rising interest rate environments, loan repayment rates will decline, and in falling interest rate environments, loan repayment rates will increase
In addition, an increase in the general level of interest rates may adversely affect the ability of some borrowers to pay the interest on and principal of their obligations, especially borrowers with loans that have adjustable rates of interest
Changes in interest rates also significantly impact the valuation of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights and loans held for sale
As interest rates decline and mortgage loans prepay faster, mortgage servicing rights will generally decline in value
At June 30, 2006, the Company had servicing rights of dlra16dtta2 million, which is net of an impairment allowance of dlra0dtta1 million
Changes in mortgage prepayments, interest rates and other factors can cause the value of this asset to decrease rapidly over a short period of time
Changes in interest rates, prepayment speeds and other factors may also cause the value of the Company’s loans held for sale to change
At June 30, 2006, the Company had dlra154dtta8 million of loans classified as held for sale
When interest rates rise, the cost of borrowing increases
Accordingly, changes in levels of market interest rates could materially and adversely affect the Company’s net interest spread, loan volume, asset quality, levels of prepayments, value of mortgage servicing rights, loans held for sale and cash flows as well as the market value of its securities portfolio and overall profitability
26 ______________________________________________________________________ The Company’s allowance for loan losses may not be adequate to cover actual losses The Company maintains an allowance for loan losses to provide for loan defaults and non-performance
The Company’s allowance for loan losses may not be adequate to cover actual loan losses, and future provisions for loan losses could materially and adversely affect the Company’s operating results
The Company’s allowance for loan losses is based on its historical loss experience, as well as an evaluation of the risks associated with its loans held for investment
The amount of future losses is susceptible to changes in economic, operating and other conditions, including changes in interest rates, that may be beyond the Company’s control, and these losses may exceed current estimates
Federal regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, review the Company’s loans and allowance for loan losses
While the Company believes that its allowance for loan losses is adequate to cover current losses, the Company cannot provide assurance that the Company will not need to increase its allowance for loan losses or that regulators will not require it to increase this allowance
Either of these occurrences could materially and adversely affect the Company’s earnings and profitability
The Company seeks to mitigate the risks inherent in its loan portfolio by adhering to specific underwriting practices
These practices include analysis of a borrower’s prior credit history, financial statements, tax returns and cash flow projections, valuation of collateral based on reports of independent appraisers and verification of liquid assets
Although the Company believes that its underwriting criteria are appropriate for the various kinds of loans it makes, the Company may incur losses on loans that meet its underwriting criteria, and these losses may exceed the amounts set aside as reserves in its allowance for loan losses
Changes in economic conditions, particularly an economic slowdown in Ohio and Michigan, could hurt the Company’s business The Company’s business is directly affected by political and market conditions, broad trends in industry and finance, legislative and regulatory changes, changes in governmental monetary and fiscal policies and inflation, all of which are beyond its control
A deterioration in economic conditions, in particular an economic slowdown within Ohio and Michigan, could result in the following consequences, any of which could hurt the Company’s business materially: loan delinquencies may increase; problem assets and foreclosures may increase; demand for the Company’s products and services may decline; and collateral for loans made by the Company, especially real estate, may decline in value, in turn reducing a client’s borrowing power, and reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with the Company’s loans held for investment
The Company faces strong competition from other financial institutions, financial service companies and other organizations offering services similar to those offered by it, which could result in the Company not being able to grow its loan and deposit businesses The Company conducts its business operations primarily in Northeastern Ohio and Southeastern Michigan
Increased competition within these markets may result in reduced loan originations and deposits
Ultimately, the Company may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors
Many competitors offer the types of loans and banking services that the Company offers
These competitors include other savings associations, national banks, regional banks and other community banks
The Company also faces competition from many other types of financial institutions, including finance companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies, credit unions, mortgage banks and other financial intermediaries
In particular, the Company’s competitors include national banks and major financial companies whose greater resources may afford them a marketplace advantage by enabling them to maintain numerous banking locations and mount extensive promotional and advertising campaigns
Additionally, banks and other financial institutions with larger capitalization and financial intermediaries not subject to bank regulatory restrictions have larger lending limits and are thereby able to serve the credit needs of larger clients
These institutions, particularly to the extent they are more diversified than the Company, may be able to offer the same loan products and services that the Company offers at more competitive rates and prices
If the Company is unable to attract and retain banking clients, it may be unable to continue its loan and deposit growth and its business, financial condition and prospects may be negatively affected
The Company relies, in part, on external financing to fund its operations and the unavailability of such funds in the future could adversely impact its growth strategy and prospects The Company relies on deposits, advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati and other borrowings to fund its operations
The Company also has previously issued junior subordinated debentures to raise additional capital to fund its operations
Although the Company considers such sources of funds adequate for its current capital needs, the Company may seek additional debt or equity capital in the future to achieve its long-term business objectives
The sale of equity or convertible debt securities in the future may be dilutive to the Company shareholders, and debt refinancing arrangements may require the Company to pledge some of its assets and enter into covenants that would restrict its ability to incur further indebtedness
There can be no assurance that additional financing sources, if sought, would be available to the Company or, if available, would be on terms favorable to it
If additional financing sources are unavailable or are not available on reasonable terms, the Company’s growth strategy and future prospects could be adversely impacted
27 ______________________________________________________________________ The Company may have difficulty managing its growth, which may divert resources and limit its ability to expand its operations successfully In past years, the Company has incurred substantial expenses to build its management team and personnel, develop its delivery systems and establish its infrastructure to support its future growth
The Company’s future success will depend on the ability of its officers and key employees to continue to implement and improve its operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and manage a growing number of client relationships
The Company may not be able to implement improvements in its management information and control systems in an efficient or timely manner
Thus, the Company cannot give assurances that its growth strategy will not place a strain on its administrative and operational infrastructure
In addition, the Company intends to grow its deposits and expand its retail banking franchise
Further expansion will require additional capital expenditures and the Company may not be successful in expanding its franchise or in attracting or retaining the personnel it requires
Furthermore, various factors such as economic conditions, regulatory and legislative considerations and competition may impede or limit the Company’s growth
If the Company is unable to expand its business as anticipated, the Company may be unable to realize any benefit from the investments made to support future growth
Alternatively, if the Company is unable to manage future expansion in its operations, the Company may have to incur additional expenditures beyond current projections to support such growth
The Company is subject to extensive regulation that could adversely affect it The Company’s operations are subject to extensive regulation by federal, state and local governmental authorities and are subject to various laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing requirements and restrictions on part or all of its operations
The Company believes that it is in substantial compliance in all material respects with applicable federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations
Any change in the laws or regulations applicable to the Company, or in banking regulators’ supervisory policies or examination procedures, whether by the OTS, the FDIC, the Federal Home Loan Bank System, the United States Congress or other federal or state regulators, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows
The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to regulatory limitations which, to the extent the Company requires such dividends in the future, may affect its ability to service its debt and pay dividends The Company is a separate legal entity from its subsidiaries and does not have significant operations of its own
Dividends from the Bank provide a significant source of capital for the Company
The availability of dividends from the Bank is limited by various statutes and regulations
It is possible, depending upon the financial condition of the Bank and other factors, that the OTS, as the Bank’s primary regulator, could assert that the payment of dividends or other payments by the Bank are an unsafe or unsound practice
In the event the Bank is unable to pay dividends to the Company, the Company may not be able to service its debt, pay its obligations as they become due, or pay dividends on its common stock
Consequently, the potential inability to receive dividends from the Bank could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and prospects
The Company may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of its acquisition of Northern Difficulties may arise in the integration of the business and operations of Northern with the Company and, as a result, the Company may not be able to achieve revenue enhancements, cost savings and synergies that it expects to result from the acquisition of Northern
Achieving the expected revenue enhancements will depend on prevailing market interest rates
Achieving cost savings is dependent on consolidating certain operational and functional areas, eliminating duplicative positions and terminating certain agreements for outside services
Additional operational savings are dependent upon the integration of the banking businesses of the Company and Northern, and the conversion of Northern’s core operating systems, data systems and products to those of the Company and the standardization of business practices
Complications or difficulties in the conversion of the core operating systems, data systems and products of Northern to those of the Company may result in the loss of customers, damage to the Company’s reputation within the financial services industry, operational problems, one-time costs currently not anticipated by the Company or reduced cost savings resulting from the acquisition
Additionally, actual savings may be materially less than expected if the integration of Northern’s operations is delayed or the conversion to a single data system is not accomplished on a timely basis