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Operation Mincemeat Operation Mincemeat was a successful British deception operation of the Second World War to disguise the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily. Two members of British intelligence obtained the body of Glyndwr Michael, a tramp who died from eating rat poison, dressed him as an officer of the Royal Marines and placed personal items on him identifying him as the fictitious Captain (Acting Major) William Martin.
Arithmetic Arithmetic (from Ancient Greek ἀριθμός (arithmós) 'number', and τική [τέχνη] (tikḗ [tékhnē]) 'art, craft') is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots. In the 19th century, Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano formalized arithmetic with his Peano axioms, which are highly important to the field of mathematical logic today.
Bitwise operation In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor.
Operations management Operations management is an area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed and effective in meeting customer requirements.
Operations research Operations research (British English: operational research), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of advanced analytical methods to improve decision-making. It is sometimes considered to be a subfield of mathematical sciences.
Subsidiary A subsidiary, subsidiary company or daughter company is a company owned or controlled by another company, which is called the parent company or holding company. Two or more subsidiaries that belong to the same parent company are called sister companies.
Emirates subsidiaries Emirates Airline has diversified into related industries and sectors, including airport services, event organization, engineering, catering, and tour operator operations. Emirates has four subsidiaries, and its parent company has more than 50.
Subsidiary alliance A subsidiary alliance, in South Asian history, was a tributary alliance between an Indian state and a European East India Company. The system of subsidiary alliances was pioneered by the French East India Company governor Joseph François Dupleix, who in the late 1740s established treaties with the Nizam of Hyderabad, India, and other Indian princes in the Carnatic.It stated that the Indian rulers who formed a treaty with the British would be provided with protection against any external attacks in place that the rulers were (a) required to keep the British army at the capitals of their states (b)they were either to give either money or some territory to the company for the maintenance of the British troops (c) they were to turn out from their states all non-english europeans whether they were employed in the army or in the civil service and (d)they had to keep a British official called 'resident' at the capital of their respective states who would oversee all the negotiations and talks with the other states which meant that the rulers were to have no direct correspondence or relations with the other states .
Subsidiary title A subsidiary title is an hereditary title held by a royal or noble person but which is not regularly used to identify that person, due to the concurrent holding of a greater title.\n\n\n== United Kingdom ==\nAn example in the United Kingdom is the Duke of Norfolk, who is also the Earl of Arundel, the Earl of Surrey, the Earl of Norfolk, the Baron Beaumont, the Baron Maltravers, the Baron FitzAlan, the Baron Clun, the Baron Oswaldestre, and the Baron Howard of Glossop.
Operating subsidiary An operating subsidiary is a subsidiary of a corporation through which the parent company (which may or may not be a holding company) indirectly conducts some portion of its business. Usually, an operating subsidiary can be distinguished in that even if its board of directors and officers overlap with those of other entities in the same corporate group, it has at least some officers and employees who conduct business operations primarily on behalf of the subsidiary alone (that is, they work directly for the subsidiary).
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CenterPoint Energy CenterPoint Energy, Inc. is an American Fortune 500 electric and natural gas utility serving several markets in the American states of Arkansas, Indiana, Ohio, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas.
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GenOn Energy GenOn Energy, Inc., based in Houston, Texas, United States, was an energy company that provided electricity to wholesale customers in the United States. The company was one of the largest independent power producers in the nation with more than 14,000 megawatts of power generation capacity across the United States using natural gas, fuel oil and coal.
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Financial distress Financial distress is a term in corporate finance used to indicate a condition when promises to creditors of a company are broken or honored with difficulty. If financial distress cannot be relieved, it can lead to bankruptcy.
Information technology controls In business and accounting, information technology controls (or IT controls) are specific activities performed by persons or systems designed to ensure that business objectives are met. They are a subset of an enterprise's internal control.
Surgery Surgery is a medical or dental specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function, appearance, or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.\nThe act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply "surgery".
Obligation An obligation is a course of action that someone is required to take, whether legal or moral. Obligations are constraints; they limit freedom.
Solidary obligations A solidary obligation, or an obligation in solidum, is a type of obligation in the civil law jurisprudence that allows either obligors to be bound together, each liable for the whole performance, or obligees to be bound together, all owed just a single performance and each entitled to the entirety of it. In general, solidarity of an obligation is never presumed, and it must be expressly stated as the true intent of the parties' will.
Contract A contract is a legally enforceable agreement that creates, defines, and governs mutual rights and obligations among its parties. A contract typically involves the transfer of goods, services, money, or a promise to transfer any of those at a future date.
Deontology In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek: δέον, 'obligation, duty' + λόγος, 'study') is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action. It is sometimes described as duty-, obligation-, or rule-based ethics.
Limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the US-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of a corporation.
Legal liability In law, liable means "responsible or answerable in law; legally obligated". Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law and can arise from various areas of law, such as contracts, torts, taxes, or fines given by government agencies.
Business Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services). It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."Having a business name does not separate the business entity from the owner, which means that the owner of the business is responsible and liable for debts incurred by the business.
Business administration Business administration (also known as business management) is the administration of a commercial enterprise. It includes all aspects of overseeing and supervising business operations.
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Small business Small businesses are corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships which have fewer employees and/or less annual revenue than a regular-sized business or corporation. Businesses are defined as "small" in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy varies depending on the country and industry.
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Risk Factors
CENTERPOINT ENERGY INC Item 1A Risk Factors
21 ITEM 1A RISK FACTORS We are a holding company that conducts all of our business operations through subsidiaries, primarily CenterPoint Houston and CERC The following summarizes the principal risk factors associated with the businesses conducted by each of these subsidiaries: RISK FACTORS AFFECTING OUR ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS CENTERPOINT HOUSTON MAY NOT BE SUCCESSFUL IN ULTIMATELY RECOVERING THE FULL VALUE OF ITS TRUE-UP COMPONENTS, WHICH COULD RESULT IN THE ELIMINATION OF CERTAIN TAX BENEFITS AND COULD HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACT ON CENTERPOINT HOUSTON &apos S RESULTS OF OPERATIONS, FINANCIAL CONDITION AND CASH FLOWS In March 2004, CenterPoint Houston filed its true-up application with the Texas Utility Commission, requesting recovery of dlra3dtta7 billion, excluding interest
In December 2004, the Texas Utility Commission issued its final order (True-Up Order) allowing CenterPoint Houston to recover a true-up balance of approximately dlra2dtta3 billion, which included interest through August 31, 2004, and providing for adjustment of the amount to be recovered to include interest on the balance until recovery, the principal portion of additional excess mitigation credits returned to customers after August 31, 2004 and certain other matters
CenterPoint Houston and other parties filed appeals of the True-Up Order to a district court in Travis County, Texas
In August 2005, the court issued its final judgment on the various appeals
In its judgment, the court affirmed most aspects of the True-Up Order, but reversed two of the Texas Utility Commissionapstas rulings
The judgment would have the effect of restoring approximately dlra650 million, plus interest, of the dlra1dtta7 billion the Texas Utility Commission had disallowed from CenterPoint Houstonapstas initial request
First, the court reversed the Texas Utility Commissionapstas decision to prohibit CenterPoint Houston from recovering dlra180 million in credits through August 2004 that CenterPoint Houston was ordered to provide to retail electric providers as a result of an inaccurate stranded cost estimate made by the Texas Utility Commission in 2000
Additional credits of approximately dlra30 million were paid after August 2004
Second, the court reversed the Texas Utility Commissionapstas disallowance of dlra440 million in transition costs which are recoverable under the Texas Utility Commissionapstas regulations
CenterPoint Houston and other parties appealed the district court decisions
Briefs have been filed with the 3rd Court of Appeals in Austin but oral argument has not yet been scheduled
No prediction can be made as to the ultimate outcome or timing of such appeals
Additionally, if the amount of the true-up balance is reduced on appeal to below the amount recovered through the issuance of transition bonds and under the CTC, while the amount of transition bonds outstanding would not be reduced, CenterPoint Houston would be required to refund the over recovery to its customers
Among the issues raised in our appeal of the True-Up Order is the Texas Utility Commissionapstas reduction of our stranded cost recovery by approximately dlra146 million for the present value of certain deferred tax benefits associated with our former Texas Genco assets
We believe that the Texas Utility Commission based its order on proposed regulations issued by the IRS in March 2003 related to those tax benefits
Those proposed regulations would have allowed utilities which were deregulated before March 4, 2003 to make a retroactive election to pass the benefits of ADITC and EDFIT back to customers
However, in December 2005, the IRS withdrew those proposed normalization regulations and issued new proposed regulations that do not include the provision allowing a retroactive election to pass the tax benefits back to customers
If the December 2005 proposed regulations become effective and if the Texas Utility Commissionapstas order on this issue is not reversed on appeal or the amount of the tax benefits is not otherwise restored by the Texas Utility Commission, the IRS is likely to consider that a &quote normalization violation &quote has occurred
If so, the IRS could require us to pay an amount equal to CenterPoint Houstonapstas unamortized ADITC balance as of the date that the normalization violation was deemed to have occurred
In addition, if a normalization violation is deemed to have occurred, the IRS could also deny CenterPoint Houston the ability to elect accelerated depreciation benefits
If a normalization violation should ultimately be found to exist, it could have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows
The Texas Utility Commission has not previously required a company subject to its jurisdiction to take action that would result in a normalization violation
21 CENTERPOINT HOUSTON &apos S RECEIVABLES ARE CONCENTRATED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF RETAIL ELECTRIC PROVIDERS, AND ANY DELAY OR DEFAULT IN PAYMENT COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT CENTERPOINT HOUSTON &apos S CASH FLOWS, FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS CenterPoint Houstonapstas receivables from the distribution of electricity are collected from retail electric providers that supply the electricity CenterPoint Houston distributes to their customers
Currently, CenterPoint Houston does business with 66 retail electric providers
Adverse economic conditions, structural problems in the market served by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Inc
(ERCOT) or financial difficulties of one or more retail electric providers could impair the ability of these retail providers to pay for CenterPoint Houstonapstas services or could cause them to delay such payments
CenterPoint Houston depends on these retail electric providers to remit payments on a timely basis
Applicable regulatory provisions require that customers be shifted to a provider of last resort if a retail electric provider cannot make timely payments
RRI, through its subsidiaries, is CenterPoint Houstonapstas largest customer
Approximately 56prca of CenterPoint Houstonapstas dlra127 million in billed receivables from retail electric providers at December 31, 2005 was owed by subsidiaries of RRI Any delay or default in payment could adversely affect CenterPoint Houstonapstas cash flows, financial condition and results of operations
RATE REGULATION OF CENTERPOINT HOUSTON &apos S BUSINESS MAY DELAY OR DENY CENTERPOINT HOUSTON &apos S ABILITY TO EARN A REASONABLE RETURN AND FULLY RECOVER ITS COSTS CenterPoint Houstonapstas rates are regulated by certain municipalities and the Texas Utility Commission based on an analysis of its invested capital and its expenses in a test year
Thus, the rates that CenterPoint Houston is allowed to charge may not match its expenses at any given time
The regulatory process by which rates are determined may not always result in rates that will produce full recovery of CenterPoint Houstonapstas costs and enable CenterPoint Houston to earn a reasonable return on its invested capital
DISRUPTIONS AT POWER GENERATION FACILITIES OWNED BY THIRD PARTIES COULD INTERRUPT CENTERPOINT HOUSTON &apos S SALES OF TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SERVICES CenterPoint Houston transmits and distributes to customers of retail electric providers electric power that the retail electric providers obtain from power generation facilities owned by third parties
CenterPoint Houston does not own or operate any power generation facilities
If power generation is disrupted or if power generation capacity is inadequate, CenterPoint Houstonapstas sales of transmission and distribution services may be diminished or interrupted, and its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely affected
CENTERPOINT HOUSTON &apos S REVENUES AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ARE SEASONAL A significant portion of CenterPoint Houstonapstas revenues is derived from rates that it collects from each retail electric provider based on the amount of electricity it distributes on behalf of such retail electric provider
Thus, CenterPoint Houstonapstas revenues and results of operations are subject to seasonality, weather conditions and other changes in electricity usage, with revenues being higher during the warmer months
RISK FACTORS AFFECTING OUR NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION, COMPETITIVE NATURAL GAS SALES AND SERVICES AND PIPELINES AND FIELD SERVICES BUSINESSES RATE REGULATION OF CERC &apos S BUSINESS MAY DELAY OR DENY CERC &apos S ABILITY TO EARN A REASONABLE RETURN AND FULLY RECOVER ITS COSTS CERCapstas rates for its local distribution companies are regulated by certain municipalities and state commissions, and for its interstate pipelines by the FERC, based on an analysis of its invested capital and its expenses in a test year
Thus, the rates that CERC is allowed to charge may not match its expenses at any given time
The regulatory process in which rates are determined may not always result in rates that will produce full recovery of CERCapstas costs and enable CERC to earn a reasonable return on its invested capital
22 CERC &apos S BUSINESSES MUST COMPETE WITH ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES, WHICH COULD LEAD TO LESS NATURAL GAS BEING MARKETED, AND ITS PIPELINES AND FIELD SERVICES BUSINESSES MUST COMPETE DIRECTLY WITH OTHERS IN THE TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, GATHERING, TREATING AND PROCESSING OF NATURAL GAS, WHICH COULD LEAD TO LOWER PRICES, EITHER OF WHICH COULD HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACT ON CERC &apos S RESULTS OF OPERATIONS, FINANCIAL CONDITION AND CASH FLOWS CERC competes primarily with alternate energy sources such as electricity and other fuel sources
In some areas, intrastate pipelines, other natural gas distributors and marketers also compete directly with CERC for natural gas sales to end-users
In addition, as a result of federal regulatory changes affecting interstate pipelines, natural gas marketers operating on these pipelines may be able to bypass CERCapstas facilities and market, sell and/or transport natural gas directly to commercial and industrial customers
Any reduction in the amount of natural gas marketed, sold or transported by CERC as a result of competition may have an adverse impact on CERCapstas results of operations, financial condition and cash flows
CERCapstas two interstate pipelines and its gathering systems compete with other interstate and intrastate pipelines and gathering systems in the transportation and storage of natural gas
The principal elements of competition are rates, terms of service, and flexibility and reliability of service
They also compete indirectly with other forms of energy, including electricity, coal and fuel oils
The primary competitive factor is price
The actions of CERCapstas competitors could lead to lower prices, which may have an adverse impact on CERCapstas results of operations, financial condition and cash flows
CERC &apos S NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION AND COMPETITIVE NATURAL GAS SALES AND SERVICES BUSINESSES ARE SUBJECT TO FLUCTUATIONS IN NATURAL GAS PRICING LEVELS, WHICH COULD AFFECT THE ABILITY OF CERC &apos S SUPPLIERS AND CUSTOMERS TO MEET THEIR OBLIGATIONS OR OTHERWISE ADVERSELY AFFECT CERC &apos S LIQUIDITY CERC is subject to risk associated with increases in the price of natural gas, which has been the trend in recent years
Increases in natural gas prices might affect CERCapstas ability to collect balances due from its customers and, on the regulated side, could create the potential for uncollectible accounts expense to exceed the recoverable levels built into CERCapstas tariff rates
In addition, a sustained period of high natural gas prices could apply downward demand pressure on natural gas consumption in the areas in which CERC operates and increase the risk that CERCapstas suppliers or customers fail or are unable to meet their obligations
Additionally, increasing gas prices could create the need for CERC to provide collateral in order to purchase gas
IF CERC WERE TO FAIL TO EXTEND A CONTRACT WITH ONE OF ITS SIGNIFICANT PIPELINE CUSTOMERS, THERE COULD BE AN ADVERSE IMPACT ON ITS OPERATIONS CERCapstas contract with Laclede Gas Company, one of its pipelineapstas customers, is currently scheduled to expire in 2007
To the extent the pipeline is unable to extend this contract or the contract is renegotiated at rates substantially less than the rates provided in the current contract, there could be an adverse effect on CERCapstas results of operations, financial condition and cash flows
A DECLINE IN CERC &apos S CREDIT RATING COULD RESULT IN CERC &apos S HAVING TO PROVIDE COLLATERAL IN ORDER TO PURCHASE GAS If CERCapstas credit rating were to decline, it might be required to post cash collateral in order to purchase natural gas
If a credit rating downgrade and the resultant cash collateral requirement were to occur at a time when CERC was experiencing significant working capital requirements or otherwise lacked liquidity, CERC might be unable to obtain the necessary natural gas to meet its obligations to customers, and its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows would be adversely affected
CERC &apos S PIPELINES &apos AND FIELD SERVICES &apos BUSINESS REVENUES AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO FLUCTUATIONS IN THE SUPPLY OF GAS CERCapstas pipelines and field services business largely relies on gas sourced in the various supply basins located in the Midcontinent region of the United States
To the extent the availability of this supply is 23 substantially reduced, it could have an adverse effect on CERCapstas results of operations, financial condition and cash flows
CERC &apos S REVENUES AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ARE SEASONAL A substantial portion of CERCapstas revenues is derived from natural gas sales and transportation
Thus, CERCapstas revenues and results of operations are subject to seasonality, weather conditions and other changes in natural gas usage, with revenues being higher during the winter months
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL CONDITION IF WE ARE UNABLE TO ARRANGE FUTURE FINANCINGS ON ACCEPTABLE TERMS, OUR ABILITY TO REFINANCE EXISTING INDEBTEDNESS COULD BE LIMITED As of December 31, 2005, we had dlra8dtta9 billion of outstanding indebtedness on a consolidated basis, which includes dlra2dtta5 billion of non-recourse transition bonds
As of December 31, 2005, approximately dlra665 million principal amount of this debt must be paid through 2008
This amount excludes principal repayments of approximately dlra379 million on transition bonds, for which a dedicated revenue stream exists
In addition, we have dlra830 million of outstanding convertible notes on which holders could exercise their &quote put &quote rights during this period
Our future financing activities may depend, at least in part, on: - the timing and amount of our recovery of the true-up components, including, in particular, the results of appeals to the courts of determinations on rulings obtained to date; - general economic and capital market conditions; - credit availability from financial institutions and other lenders; - investor confidence in us and the market in which we operate; - maintenance of acceptable credit ratings; - market expectations regarding our future earnings and probable cash flows; - market perceptions of our ability to access capital markets on reasonable terms; - our exposure to RRI in connection with its indemnification obligations arising in connection with its separation from us; and - provisions of relevant tax and securities laws
As of December 31, 2005, CenterPoint Houston had outstanding dlra2dtta0 billion aggregate principal amount of general mortgage bonds under the General Mortgage, including approximately dlra527 million held in trust to secure pollution control bonds for which CenterPoint Energy is obligated and approximately dlra229 million held in trust to secure pollution control bonds for which CenterPoint Houston is obligated
Additionally, CenterPoint Houston had outstanding approximately dlra253 million aggregate principal amount of first mortgage bonds under the Mortgage, including approximately dlra151 million held in trust to secure certain pollution control bonds for which CenterPoint Energy is obligated
CenterPoint Houston may issue additional general mortgage bonds on the basis of retired bonds, 70prca of property additions or cash deposited with the trustee
Approximately dlra2dtta0 billion of additional first mortgage bonds and general mortgage bonds could be issued on the basis of retired bonds and 70prca of property additions as of December 31, 2005
However, CenterPoint Houston is contractually prohibited, subject to certain exceptions, from issuing additional first mortgage bonds
Our current credit ratings are discussed in &quote Managementapstas Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations -- Liquidity and Capital Resources -- Future Sources and Uses of Cash -- Impact on Liquidity of a Downgrade in Credit Ratings &quote in Item 7 of this report
These credit ratings may not remain in effect for any given period of time and one or more of these ratings may be lowered or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency
We note that these credit ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold our securities
Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating
Any future reduction 24 or withdrawal of one or more of our credit ratings could have a material adverse impact on our ability to access capital on acceptable terms
AS A HOLDING COMPANY WITH NO OPERATIONS OF OUR OWN, WE WILL DEPEND ON DISTRIBUTIONS FROM OUR SUBSIDIARIES TO MEET OUR PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS, AND PROVISIONS OF APPLICABLE LAW OR CONTRACTUAL RESTRICTIONS COULD LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF THOSE DISTRIBUTIONS We derive all our operating income from, and hold all our assets through, our subsidiaries
As a result, we will depend on distributions from our subsidiaries in order to meet our payment obligations
In general, these subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation to provide us with funds for our payment obligations, whether by dividends, distributions, loans or otherwise
In addition, provisions of applicable law, such as those limiting the legal sources of dividends, limit their ability to make payments or other distributions to us, and they could agree to contractual restrictions on their ability to make distributions
Our right to receive any assets of any subsidiary, and therefore the right of our creditors to participate in those assets, will be effectively subordinated to the claims of that subsidiaryapstas creditors, including trade creditors
In addition, even if we were a creditor of any subsidiary, our rights as a creditor would be subordinated to any security interest in the assets of that subsidiary and any indebtedness of the subsidiary senior to that held by us
THE USE OF DERIVATIVE CONTRACTS BY US AND OUR SUBSIDIARIES IN THE NORMAL COURSE OF BUSINESS COULD RESULT IN FINANCIAL LOSSES THAT NEGATIVELY IMPACT OUR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND THOSE OF OUR SUBSIDIARIES We and our subsidiaries use derivative instruments, such as swaps, options, futures and forwards, to manage our commodity and financial market risks
We and our subsidiaries could recognize financial losses as a result of volatility in the market values of these contracts, or should a counterparty fail to perform
In the absence of actively quoted market prices and pricing information from external sources, the valuation of these financial instruments can involve managementapstas judgment or use of estimates
As a result, changes in the underlying assumptions or use of alternative valuation methods could affect the reported fair value of these contracts
RISKS COMMON TO OUR BUSINESSES AND OTHER RISKS WE ARE SUBJECT TO OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL RISKS AND LIABILITIES ARISING FROM ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS Our operations are subject to stringent and complex laws and regulations pertaining to health, safety and the environment
As an owner or operator of natural gas pipelines and distribution systems, gas gathering and processing systems, and electric transmission and distribution systems we must comply with these laws and regulations at the federal, state and local levels
These laws and regulations can restrict or impact our business activities in many ways, such as: - restricting the way we can handle or dispose of our wastes; - limiting or prohibiting construction activities in sensitive areas such as wetlands, coastal regions, or areas inhabited by endangered species; - requiring remedial action to mitigate pollution conditions caused by our operations, or attributable to former operations; and - enjoining the operations of facilities deemed in non-compliance with permits issued pursuant to such environmental laws and regulations
In order to comply with these requirements, we may need to spend substantial amounts and devote other resources from time to time to: - construct or acquire new equipment; - acquire permits for facility operations; 25 - modify or replace existing and proposed equipment; and - clean up or decommission waste disposal areas, fuel storage and management facilities and other locations and facilities
Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may trigger a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties, the imposition of remedial actions, and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations
Certain environmental statutes impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed or otherwise released
Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances or other waste products into the environment
OUR INSURANCE COVERAGE MAY NOT BE SUFFICIENT INSUFFICIENT INSURANCE COVERAGE AND INCREASED INSURANCE COSTS COULD ADVERSELY IMPACT OUR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS, FINANCIAL CONDITION AND CASH FLOWS We currently have general liability and property insurance in place to cover certain of our facilities in amounts that we consider appropriate
Such policies are subject to certain limits and deductibles and do not include business interruption coverage
Insurance coverage may not be available in the future at current costs or on commercially reasonable terms, and the insurance proceeds received for any loss of, or any damage to, any of our facilities may not be sufficient to restore the loss or damage without negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows
In common with other companies in its line of business that serve coastal regions, CenterPoint Houston does not have insurance covering its transmission and distribution system because CenterPoint Houston believes it to be cost prohibitive
If CenterPoint Houston were to sustain any loss of, or damage to, its transmission and distribution properties, it may not be able to recover such loss or damage through a change in its regulated rates, and any such recovery may not be timely granted
Therefore, CenterPoint Houston may not be able to restore any loss of, or damage to, any of its transmission and distribution properties without negative impact on its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows
WE, CENTERPOINT HOUSTON AND CERC COULD INCUR LIABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BUSINESSES AND ASSETS THAT WE HAVE TRANSFERRED TO OTHERS Under some circumstances, we and CenterPoint Houston could incur liabilities associated with assets and businesses we and CenterPoint Houston no longer own
These assets and businesses were previously owned by Reliant Energy, a predecessor of CenterPoint Houston, directly or through subsidiaries and include: - those transferred to RRI or its subsidiaries in connection with the organization and capitalization of RRI prior to its initial public offering in 2001; and - those transferred to Texas Genco in connection with its organization and capitalization
In connection with the organization and capitalization of RRI, RRI and its subsidiaries assumed liabilities associated with various assets and businesses Reliant Energy transferred to them
RRI also agreed to indemnify, and cause the applicable transferee subsidiaries to indemnify, us and our subsidiaries, including CenterPoint Houston and CERC, with respect to liabilities associated with the transferred assets and businesses
The indemnity provisions were intended to place sole financial responsibility on RRI and its subsidiaries for all liabilities associated with the current and historical businesses and operations of RRI, regardless of the time those liabilities arose
If RRI is unable to satisfy a liability that has been so assumed in circumstances in which Reliant Energy has not been released from the liability in connection with the transfer, we, CenterPoint Houston or CERC could be responsible for satisfying the liability
Prior to CenterPoint Energyapstas distribution of its ownership in RRI to its shareholders, CERC had guaranteed certain contractual obligations of what became RRIapstas trading subsidiary
Under the terms of the separation agreement between the companies, RRI agreed to extinguish all such guarantee obligations prior to separation, but when separation occurred in September 2002, RRI had been unable to extinguish all 26 obligations
To secure CenterPoint Energy and CERC against obligations under the remaining guarantees, RRI agreed to provide cash or letters of credit for the benefit of CERC and CenterPoint Energy, and undertook to use commercially reasonable efforts to extinguish the remaining guarantees
Our current exposure under the remaining guarantees relates to CERCapstas guarantee of the payment by RRI of demand charges related to transportation contracts with one counterparty
The demand charges are approximately dlra53 million per year in 2006 through 2015, dlra49 million in 2016, dlra38 million in 2017 and dlra13 million in 2018
As a result of changes in market conditions, CenterPoint Energyapstas potential exposure under that guarantee currently exceeds the security provided by RRI CenterPoint Energy has requested RRI to increase the amount of its existing letters of credit or, in the alternative, to obtain a release of CERCapstas obligations under the guarantee, and CenterPoint Energy and RRI are pursuing alternatives
RRI continues to meet its obligations under the transportation contracts
RRIapstas unsecured debt ratings are currently below investment grade
If RRI were unable to meet its obligations, it would need to consider, among various options, restructuring under the bankruptcy laws, in which event RRI might not honor its indemnification obligations and claims by RRIapstas creditors might be made against us as its former owner
Reliant Energy and RRI are named as defendants in a number of lawsuits arising out of power sales in California and other West Coast markets and financial reporting matters
Although these matters relate to the business and operations of RRI, claims against Reliant Energy have been made on grounds that include the effect of RRIapstas financial results on Reliant Energyapstas historical financial statements and liability of Reliant Energy as a controlling shareholder of RRI We or CenterPoint Houston could incur liability if claims in one or more of these lawsuits were successfully asserted against us or CenterPoint Houston and indemnification from RRI were determined to be unavailable or if RRI were unable to satisfy indemnification obligations owed with respect to those claims
In connection with the organization and capitalization of Texas Genco, Texas Genco assumed liabilities associated with the electric generation assets Reliant Energy transferred to it
Texas Genco also agreed to indemnify, and cause the applicable transferee subsidiaries to indemnify, us and our subsidiaries, including CenterPoint Houston, with respect to liabilities associated with the transferred assets and businesses
In many cases the liabilities assumed were obligations of CenterPoint Houston and CenterPoint Houston was not released by third parties from these liabilities
The indemnity provisions were intended generally to place sole financial responsibility on Texas Genco and its subsidiaries for all liabilities associated with the current and historical businesses and operations of Texas Genco, regardless of the time those liabilities arose
In connection with the sale of Texas Gencoapstas fossil generation assets (coal, lignite and gas-fired plants) to Texas Genco LLC, the separation agreement we entered into with Texas Genco in connection with the organization and capitalization of Texas Genco was amended to provide that all of Texas Gencoapstas rights and obligations under the separation agreement relating to its fossil generation assets, including Texas Gencoapstas obligation to indemnify us with respect to liabilities associated with the fossil generation assets and related business, were assigned to and assumed by Texas Genco LLC In addition, under the amended separation agreement, Texas Genco is no longer liable for, and CenterPoint Energy has assumed and agreed to indemnify Texas Genco LLC against, liabilities that Texas Genco originally assumed in connection with its organization to the extent, and only to the extent, that such liabilities are covered by certain insurance policies or other similar agreements held by CenterPoint Energy
If Texas Genco or Texas Genco LLC were unable to satisfy a liability that had been so assumed or indemnified against, and provided Reliant Energy had not been released from the liability in connection with the transfer, CenterPoint Houston could be responsible for satisfying the liability
We or our subsidiaries have been named, along with numerous others, as a defendant in lawsuits filed by a large number of individuals who claim injury due to exposure to asbestos
Most claimants in such litigation have been workers who participated in construction of various industrial facilities, including power plants
Some of the claimants have worked at locations we own, but most existing claims relate to facilities previously owned by our subsidiaries but currently owned by Texas Genco LLC We anticipate that additional claims like those received may be asserted in the future
Under the terms of the separation agreement between us and Texas Genco, ultimate financial responsibility for uninsured losses from claims relating to facilities transferred 27 to Texas Genco has been assumed by Texas Genco, but under the terms of our agreement to sell Texas Genco to Texas Genco LLC, we have agreed to continue to defend such claims to the extent they are covered by insurance we maintain, subject to reimbursement of the costs of such defense from Texas Genco LLC