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Wiki	Wiki Summary
Difficult People	Difficult People is an American dark comedy streaming television series created by Julie Klausner. Klausner stars alongside Billy Eichner as two struggling and jaded comedians living in New York City; the duo seemingly hate everyone but each other.
A Difficult Woman	A Difficult Woman is an Australian television series which screened in 1998 on the ABC. The three part series starred Caroline Goodall, in the title role of a woman whose best friend is murdered and is determined to find out why. It was written by Nicholas Hammond and Steven Vidler and directed by Tony Tilse.
Second-language acquisition	Second-language acquisition (SLA), sometimes called second-language learning — otherwise referred to as L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition is also the scientific discipline devoted to studying that process.
The Walt Disney Company	The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney (), is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California.\nDisney was originally founded on October 16, 1923, by brothers Walt and Roy O. Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio; it also operated under the names the Walt Disney Studio and Walt Disney Productions before changing its name to the Walt Disney Company in 1986.
East India Company	The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia), and later with East Asia.
Customer relationship management	Customer relationship management (CRM) is a process in which a business or other organization administers its interactions with customers, typically using data analysis to study large amounts of information.CRM systems compile data from a range of different communication channels, including a company's website, telephone, email, live chat, marketing materials and more recently, social media. They allow businesses to learn more about their target audiences and how to best cater for their needs, thus retaining customers and driving sales growth.
Adverse possession	Adverse possession, sometimes colloquially described as "squatter's rights", is a legal principle in the Anglo-American common law under which a person who does not have legal title to a piece of property—usually land (real property)—may acquire legal ownership based on continuous possession or occupation of the property without the permission (licence) of its legal owner. The possession by a person is not adverse if they are in possession as a tenant or licensee of the legal owner.
Adverse food reaction	An adverse food reaction is an adverse response by the body to food or a specific type of food.The most common adverse reaction is a food allergy, which is an adverse immune response to either a specific type or a range of food proteins.\nHowever, other adverse responses to food are not allergies.
Adverse party	An adverse party is an opposing party in a lawsuit under an adversary system of law. In general, an adverse party is a party against whom judgment is sought or "a party interested in sustaining a judgment or decree." For example, the adverse party for a defendant is the plaintiff.
Anthony Adverse	Anthony Adverse is a 1936 American epic historical drama film directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Fredric March and Olivia de Havilland. The screenplay by Sheridan Gibney draws elements of its plot from eight of the nine books in Hervey Allen's historical novel, Anthony Adverse.
Special operations	Special operations (S.O.) are military activities conducted, according to NATO, by "specially designated, organized, selected, trained, and equipped forces using unconventional techniques and modes of employment". Special operations may include reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, and counter-terrorism actions, and are typically conducted by small groups of highly-trained personnel, emphasizing sufficiency, stealth, speed, and tactical coordination, commonly known as "special forces".
Met Operations	Met Operations, also known as Met Ops, is one of the four business groups which forms the Metropolitan Police Service. It was created during the 2018-19 restructuring of the service, amalgamating many of its functions from the Operations side of the Specialist Crime & Operations Directorate formed in 2012, with the Specialist Crime side of that Directorate placed under the new Frontline Policing Directorate.
Operations research	Operations research (British English: operational research), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of advanced analytical methods to improve decision-making. It is sometimes considered to be a subfield of mathematical sciences.
Financial ratio	A financial ratio or accounting ratio is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization.
Investment	Investment is the dedication of an asset to attain an increase in value over a period of time. Investment requires a sacrifice of some present asset, such as time, money, or effort.
Fisher Investments	Fisher Investments is an independent money management firm headquartered in Camas, Washington.\n\n\n== History ==\nKen Fisher founded the firm in 1979, incorporated in 1986, then served as CEO until July 2016, when he was succeeded by long-time Fisher Investments employee Damian Ornani.
Investment banking	Investment banking denotes certain activities of a financial services company or a corporate division that consist in advisory-based financial transactions on behalf of individuals, corporations, and governments. Traditionally associated with corporate finance, such a bank might assist in raising financial capital by underwriting or acting as the client's agent in the issuance of debt or equity securities.
Regulation	Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context.
Financial statement	Financial statements (or financial reports) are formal records of the financial activities and position of a business, person, or other entity.\nRelevant financial information is presented in a structured manner and in a form which is easy to understand.
Competition	Competition is a rivalry where two or more parties strive for a common goal which cannot be shared: where one's gain is the other's loss (an example of which is a zero-sum game). Competition can arise between entities such as organisms, individuals, economic and social groups, etc.
Financial condition report	In accounting, a financial condition report (FCR) is a report on the solvency condition of an insurance company that takes into account both the current financial status, as reflected in the balance sheet, and an assessment of the ability of the company to survive future risk scenarios. Risk assessment in an FCR involves dynamic solvency testing, a type of dynamic financial analysis that simulates management response to risk scenarios, to test whether a company could remain solvent in the face of deteriorating economic conditions or major disasters.
Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac	In September 2008 the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) announced that it would take over the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). Both government-sponsored enterprises, which finance home mortgages in the United States by issuing bonds, had become illiquid as the market for those bonds collapsed in the subprime mortgage crisis.
Chronic condition	A chronic condition is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time. The term chronic is often applied when the course of the disease lasts for more than three months.
Network management	Network management is the process of administering and managing computer networks. Services provided by this discipline include fault analysis, performance management, provisioning of networks and maintaining quality of service.
Sport management	Sport management is the field of business dealing with sports and recreation. Sports management involves any combination of skills that correspond with planning, organizing, directing, controlling, budgeting, leading, or evaluating of any organization or business within the sports field.
Women Management	Women Management is a modeling agency based in New York. Founded by Paul Rowland in 1988, Women also has two sister agencies, Supreme Management and Women 360 Management, which is also part of the Women International Agency Chain.
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Combined authority	A combined authority is a type of local government institution introduced in England outside Greater London by the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009. Combined authorities are created voluntarily and allow a group of local authorities to pool appropriate responsibility and receive certain delegated functions from central government in order to deliver transport and economic policy more effectively over a wider area.
User account policy	A user account policy is a document which outlines the requirements for requesting and maintaining an account on computer systems or networks, typically within an organization. It is very important for large sites where users typically have accounts on many systems.
Critical accounting policy	In public corporate finance, a critical accounting policy is a policy of a firm or industry which is considered to have a notably high subjective element, and that has a material impact on the organization's financial statements. Such policies are often mandated to be described in detail in specific sections of a company's annual or quarterly reports.
International Public Sector Accounting Standards	International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) are a set of accounting standards issued by the IPSAS Board for use by public sector entities around the world in the preparation of financial statements. These standards are based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
Management accounting	In management accounting or managerial accounting, managers use accounting information in decision-making and to assist in the management and performance of their control functions.\n\n\n== Definition ==\n\nOne simple definition of management accounting is the provision of financial and non-financial decision-making information to managers.
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster	The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was a fatal accident in the United States space program that occurred on January 28, 1986, when the Space Shuttle Challenger (OV-099) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the death of all seven crew members aboard; it was the first fatal accident involving an American spacecraft in flight. The mission, designated STS-51-L, was the tenth flight for the Challenger orbiter and twenty-fifth flight of the Space Shuttle fleet.
The Challenge (TV series)	The Challenge (originally known as Road Rules: All Stars, followed by Real World/Road Rules Challenge) is a reality competition show on MTV that is spun off from two of the network's reality shows, The Real World and Road Rules. Originally featuring alumni from these two shows, casting for The Challenge has slowly expanded to include contestants who debuted on The Challenge itself, alumni from other MTV franchises including Are You the One?, Ex on the Beach (Brazil, UK and US), Geordie Shore and from other non-MTV shows.
Internet challenge	Internet challenges are a genre of videos in which users record themselves performing an action, usually daring others to repeat it. They play a role in internet meme culture, with many challenges spreading through such memes.
ATP Challenger Tour	The ATP Challenger Tour, known until the end of 2008 as the ATP Challenger Series, is a series of international men's professional tennis tournaments. The Challenger Tour events are the second-highest tier of tennis competition, behind the ATP Tour.

Risk Factors
CASS INFORMATION SYSTEMS INC Item 1A RISK FACTORS
3 ITEM 1A RISK FACTORS This section highlights specific risks that could affect the Companyapstas business
Although this section attempts to highlight key factors, please be aware that other risks may prove to be important in the future
New risks may emerge at any time and Cass cannot predict such risks or estimate the extent to which they may affect the Companyapstas financial performance
In addition to the factors discussed elsewhere or incorporated by reference in this report, the identified risks that could cause actual results to differ materially include the following: Unfavorable developments concerning customer credit quality could affect Cass &apos financial results
Although the Company regularly reviews credit exposure related to its customers and various industry sectors in which it has business relationships, default risk may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to detect or foresee
Under such circumstances, the Company could experience an increase in the level of provision for credit losses, nonperforming assets, net charge-offs and allowance for credit losses
The Company has lending concentrations, including, but not limited to, churches and church-related entities located in selected cities and privately-held businesses located in or near St
Louis, Missouri, that could suffer a significant decline which could adversely affect the Company
3 Cass &apos customer base consists, in part, of lending concentrations in several segments and geographical areas
In the event of a downturn in the economy or general decline in any one of these segments or areas, the Company could experience increased credit losses, and its business could be adversely affected
Fluctuations in interest rates could affect Cass &apos net interest income and balance sheet
The operations of financial institutions such as the Company are dependent to a large degree on net interest income, which is the difference between interest income from loans and investments and interest expense on deposits and borrowings
Prevailing economic conditions, the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and the policies of various regulatory agencies all affect market rates of interest, which in turn significantly affect financial institutions &apos net interest income
Fluctuations in interest rates affect Cass &apos balance sheet, as they do for all financial institutions
Volatility in interest rates can also result in disintermediation, which is the flow of funds away from financial institutions into direct investments, such as federal government and corporate securities and other investment vehicles, which, because of the absence of federal insurance premiums and reserve requirements, generally pay higher rates of return than financial institutions
Customer borrowing, repayment, investment and deposit practices generally may be different than anticipated
The Company uses a variety of financial tools, models and other methods to anticipate customer behavior as a part of its strategic planning and to meet certain regulatory requirements
Individual, economic, political, industry-specific conditions and other factors outside of Cass &apos control could alter predicted customer borrowing, repayment, investment and deposit practices
Such a change in these practices could adversely affect Cass &apos ability to anticipate business needs and meet regulatory requirements
Operational difficulties or security problems could damage Cass &apos reputation and business
The Company depends on the reliable operation of its computer operations and network connections from its clients to its systems
Any operational problems or outages in these systems would cause Cass to be unable to process transactions for its clients, resulting in decreased revenues
In addition, any system delays, failures or loss of data, whatever the cause, could reduce client satisfaction with the Companyapstas products and services and harm Cass &apos financial results
Cass also depends on the security of its systems
Company networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses and other disruptive problems
A material security problem affecting Cass could damage its reputation, deter prospects from purchasing its products, deter customers from using its products or result in liability to Cass
Cass must respond to rapid technological changes and these changes may be more difficult or expensive than anticipated
If competitors introduce new products and services embodying new technologies, or if new industry standards and practices emerge, the Companyapstas existing product and service offerings, technology and systems may become obsolete
Further, if Cass fails to adopt or develop new technologies or to adapt its products and services to emerging industry standards, Cass may lose current and future customers, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations
The payment processing and financial services industries are changing rapidly and in order to remain competitive, Cass must continue to enhance and improve the functionality and features of its products, services and technologies
These changes may be more difficult or expensive than the Company anticipates
Competitive product and pricing pressure within Cass &apos markets may change
The Company operates in a very competitive environment, which is characterized by competition from a number of other vendors and financial institutions in each market in which it operates
The Company competes with large payment processors and national and regional financial institutions and also smaller auditing companies and banks in terms of products and pricing
If the Company is unable to compete effectively in products and pricing in its markets, business could decline
4 Managementapstas ability to maintain and expand customer relationships may differ from expectations
The industries in which the Company operates are very competitive
The Company not only competes for business opportunities with new customers, but also competes to maintain and expand the relationships it has with its existing customers
While management believes that it can continue to grow many of these relationships, the Company will continue to experience pressures to maintain these relationships as its competitors attempt to capture its customers
The introductions, withdrawal, success and timing of business initiatives and strategies, including, but not limited to, the expansion of payment and processing activities to new markets, the expansion of products and services to existing markets and opening of new bank branches, may be less successful or may be different than anticipated
Such a result could adversely affect Cass &apos business
The Company makes certain projections and develops plans and strategies for its payment processing and banking products
If the Company does not accurately determine demand for its products and services, it could result in the Company incurring significant expenses without the anticipated increases in revenue, which could result in an adverse effect on its earnings
Managementapstas ability to retain key officers and employees may change
Cass &apos future operating results depend substantially upon the continued service of Cass &apos executive officers and key personnel
Cass &apos future operating results also depend in significant part upon Cass &apos ability to attract and retain qualified management, financial, technical, marketing, sales and support personnel
Competition for qualified personnel is intense, and the Company cannot ensure success in attracting or retaining qualified personnel
There may be only a limited number of persons with the requisite skills to serve in these positions, and it may be increasingly difficult for the Company to hire personnel over time
Cass &apos business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected by the loss of any of its key employees, by the failure of any key employee to perform in his or her current position, or by Cass &apos inability to attract and retain skilled employees
Methods of reducing risk exposures might not be effective
Instruments, systems and strategies used to hedge or otherwise manage exposure to various types of credit, market and liquidity, operational, compliance, business risks and enterprise-wide risks could be less effective than anticipated
As a result, the Company may not be able to effectively mitigate its risk exposures in particular market environments or against particular types of risk
Changes in regulation or oversight may have a material adverse impact on Cass &apos operations
The Company is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the Missouri Division of Finance, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory bodies
Such regulation and supervision governs the activities in which the Company may engage
Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on Cass &apos operations, investigations and limitations related to Cass &apos securities, the classification of Cass &apos assets and determination of the level of Cass &apos allowance for loan losses
Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory policy, regulations, legislation or supervisory action, may have a material adverse impact on Cass &apos operations
The Companyapstas accounting policies and methods are the basis of how Cass reports its financial condition and results of operations, and they may require management to make estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain
In addition, changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or other authoritative bodies, could materially impact Cass &apos financial statements
The Companyapstas accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how Cass records and reports its financial condition and results of operations
Management must exercise judgment in selecting and applying many of these accounting policies and methods in order to ensure that they comply with generally accepted accounting principles and reflect managementapstas judgment as to the most appropriate manner in which to record and report Cass &apos financial condition and results of operations
In some cases, management must select the accounting policy or method to apply from two or more alternatives, any of which might be reasonable under the circumstances yet might result in the Company reporting materially different amounts than would have been reported under a different alternative
Cass has identified three accounting policies as being &quote critical &quote to the presentation of its financial condition and results of operations because they require management to make particularly subjective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because of the likelihood that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions
More information on Cass &apos critical accounting policies is contained in Item 7, &quote Managementapstas Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations &quote
5 From time to time, the regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, and other authoritative bodies change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of the Companyapstas financial statements
These changes can be hard to predict and can materially impact how management records and reports the Companyapstas financial condition and results of operations
Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters with respect to the financial services industry, including those directly involving the Company and its subsidiaries, could adversely affect Cass or the financial services industry in general
The Company has been, and may in the future be, subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings
It is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters, and there can be no assurance that the Company will prevail in any proceeding or litigation
Any such matter could result in substantial cost and diversion of Cass &apos efforts, which by itself could have a material adverse effect on Cass &apos financial condition and operating results
Further, adverse determinations in such matters could result in actions by Cass &apos regulators that could materially adversely affect Cass &apos business, financial condition or results of operations
Cass is subject to examinations and challenges by tax authorities, which, if not resolved in the Companyapstas favor, could adversely affect the Companyapstas financial condition and results of operations
In the normal course of business, Cass and its affiliates are routinely subject to examinations and challenges from federal and state tax authorities regarding the amount of taxes due in connection with investments it has made and the businesses in which it is engaged
Recently, federal and state taxing authorities have become increasingly aggressive in challenging tax positions taken by financial institutions
These tax positions may relate to tax compliance, sales and use, franchise, gross receipts, payroll, property and income tax issues, including tax base, apportionment and tax credit planning
The challenges made by tax authorities may result in adjustments to the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions
If any such challenges are made and are not resolved in the Companyapstas favor, they could have an adverse effect on Cass &apos financial condition and results of operations
Cass &apos stock price can become volatile and fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors
These factors can include actual or anticipated variations in Cass &apos quarterly results; new technology or services by competitors; unanticipated losses or gains due to unexpected events, including losses or gains on securities held for investment purposes; significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving the Company or its competitors; changes in accounting policies or practices; failure to integrate acquisitions or realize anticipated benefits from acquisitions; or changes in government regulations
General market fluctuations, industry factors and general economic and political conditions, such as economic slowdowns or recessions, interest rate changes, credit loss trends or currency fluctuations also could cause Cass &apos stock price to decrease regardless of its operating results
There could be terrorist activities or other hostilities, which may adversely affect the general economy, financial and capital markets, specific industries, and the Company
The terrorist attacks in September 2001 in the United States and ensuing events, as well as the resulting decline in consumer confidence, has had a material adverse effect on the economy
Any similar future events may disrupt Cass &apos operations or those of its customers
In addition, these events have had and may continue to have an adverse impact on the US and world economy in general and consumer confidence and spending in particular, which could harm Cass &apos operations
Any of these events could increase volatility in the US and world financial markets, which could harm Cass &apos stock price and may limit the capital resources available to its customers and the Company
This could have a significant impact on Cass &apos operating results, revenues and costs and may result in increased volatility in the market price of Cass &apos common stock
There could be natural disasters, including, but not limited to, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, fires and floods, which may adversely affect the general economy, financial and capital markets, specific industries, and the Company
The Company has significant operations and customer base in Missouri, California, Ohio, Massachusetts, and other regions where natural disasters may occur
These regions are known for being vulnerable to natural disasters and other 6 risks, such as tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, fires and floods
These types of natural disasters at times have disrupted the local economy, Cass &apos business and customers and have posed physical risks to Cass &apos property
A significant natural disaster could materially affect Cass &apos operating results
General political, economic or industry conditions may be less favorable than expected
Local, domestic, and international economic, political and industry-specific conditions and governmental monetary and fiscal policies affect the industries in which the Company competes, directly and indirectly
Conditions such as inflation, recession, unemployment, volatile interest rates, tight money supply, real estate values, international conflicts and other factors outside of Cass &apos control may adversely affect the Company
Economic downturns could result in the delinquency of outstanding loans, which could have a material adverse impact on Cass &apos earnings